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authorPaul Rodger <paul@paulrodger.com>2002-04-12 13:16:01 +0000
committerPaul Rodger <paul@paulrodger.com>2002-04-12 13:16:01 +0000
commit5350fc26f6cffa11464004040cc5857b9da3479c (patch)
tree38481229d18ee32497b2195ea86157550a52c767
parent9e534977effc192b2015dd846e99d77439ded5a3 (diff)
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-.\" archivemail man page
-.if !\n(.g \{\
-. if !\w|\*(lq| \{\
-. ds lq ``
-. if \w'\(lq' .ds lq "\(lq
-. \}
-. if !\w|\*(rq| \{\
-. ds rq ''
-. if \w'\(rq' .ds rq "\(rq
-. \}
-.\}
-.de Id
-.ds Dt \\$4
-..
-.TH archivemail 1 \*(Dt "GNU Project"
-.SH NAME
-archivemail \- archive and compress old email
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B archivemail
-.RI [ options ]
-.I FILE
-.RI [ FILE .\|.\|.]
-.br
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.PP
-.B archivemail
-archives and compresses and
-.IR FILE s
-
-
-
-.IR PATTERN .
-By default,
-.B grep
-prints the matching lines.
-.PP
-In addition, two variant programs
-.B egrep
-and
-.B fgrep
-are available.
-.B Egrep
-is the same as
-.BR "grep\ \-E" .
-.B Fgrep
-is the same as
-.BR "grep\ \-F" .
-.SH OPTIONS
-.TP
-.BI \-A " NUM" "\fR,\fP \-\^\-after-context=" NUM
-Print
-.I NUM
-lines of trailing context after matching lines.
-.TP
-.BR \-a ", " \-\^\-text
-Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the
-.B \-\^\-binary-files=text
-option.
-.TP
-.BI \-B " NUM" "\fR,\fP \-\^\-before-context=" NUM
-Print
-.I NUM
-lines of leading context before matching lines.
-.TP
-\fB\-C\fP [\fINUM\fP], \fB\-\fP\fINUM\fP, \fB\-\^\-context\fP[\fB=\fP\fINUM\fP]
-Print
-.I NUM
-lines (default 2) of output context.
-.TP
-.BR \-b ", " \-\^\-byte-offset
-Print the byte offset within the input file before
-each line of output.
-.TP
-.BI \-\^\-binary-files= TYPE
-If the first few bytes of a file indicate that the file contains binary
-data, assume that the file is of type
-.IR TYPE .
-By default,
-.I TYPE
-is
-.BR binary ,
-and
-.B grep
-normally outputs either
-a one-line message saying that a binary file matches, or no message if
-there is no match.
-If
-.I TYPE
-is
-.BR without-match ,
-.B grep
-assumes that a binary file does not match; this is equivalent to the
-.B \-I
-option.
-If
-.I TYPE
-is
-.BR text ,
-.B grep
-processes a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the
-.B \-a
-option.
-.I Warning:
-.B "grep \-\^\-binary-files=text"
-might output binary garbage,
-which can have nasty side effects if the output is a terminal and if the
-terminal driver interprets some of it as commands.
-.TP
-.BR \-c ", " \-\^\-count
-Suppress normal output; instead print a count of
-matching lines for each input file.
-With the
-.BR \-v ", " \-\^\-invert-match
-option (see below), count non-matching lines.
-.TP
-.BI \-d " ACTION" "\fR,\fP \-\^\-directories=" ACTION
-If an input file is a directory, use
-.I ACTION
-to process it. By default,
-.I ACTION
-is
-.BR read ,
-which means that directories are read just as if they were ordinary files.
-If
-.I ACTION
-is
-.BR skip ,
-directories are silently skipped.
-If
-.I ACTION
-is
-.BR recurse ,
-.B grep
-reads all files under each directory, recursively;
-this is equivalent to the
-.B \-r
-option.
-.TP
-.BR \-E ", " \-\^\-extended-regexp
-Interpret
-.I PATTERN
-as an extended regular expression (see below).
-.TP
-.BI \-e " PATTERN" "\fR,\fP \-\^\-regexp=" PATTERN
-Use
-.I PATTERN
-as the pattern; useful to protect patterns beginning with
-.BR \- .
-.TP
-.BR \-F ", " \-\^\-fixed-strings
-Interpret
-.I PATTERN
-as a list of fixed strings, separated by newlines,
-any of which is to be matched.
-.TP
-.BI \-f " FILE" "\fR,\fP \-\^\-file=" FILE
-Obtain patterns from
-.IR FILE ,
-one per line.
-The empty file contains zero patterns, and therefore matches nothing.
-.TP
-.BR \-G ", " \-\^\-basic-regexp
-Interpret
-.I PATTERN
-as a basic regular expression (see below). This is the default.
-.TP
-.BR \-H ", " \-\^\-with-filename
-Print the filename for each match.
-.TP
-.BR \-h ", " \-\^\-no-filename
-Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output
-when multiple files are searched.
-.TP
-.B \-\^\-help
-Output a brief help message.
-.TP
-.BR \-I
-Process a binary file as if it did not contain matching data; this is
-equivalent to the
-.B \-\^\-binary-files=without-match
-option.
-.TP
-.BR \-i ", " \-\^\-ignore-case
-Ignore case distinctions in both the
-.I PATTERN
-and the input files.
-.TP
-.BR \-L ", " \-\^\-files-without-match
-Suppress normal output; instead print the name
-of each input file from which no output would
-normally have been printed. The scanning will stop
-on the first match.
-.TP
-.BR \-l ", " \-\^\-files-with-matches
-Suppress normal output; instead print
-the name of each input file from which output
-would normally have been printed. The scanning will
-stop on the first match.
-.TP
-.B \-\^\-mmap
-If possible, use the
-.BR mmap (2)
-system call to read input, instead of
-the default
-.BR read (2)
-system call. In some situations,
-.B \-\^\-mmap
-yields better performance. However,
-.B \-\^\-mmap
-can cause undefined behavior (including core dumps)
-if an input file shrinks while
-.B grep
-is operating, or if an I/O error occurs.
-.TP
-.BR \-n ", " \-\^\-line-number
-Prefix each line of output with the line number
-within its input file.
-.TP
-.BR \-q ", " \-\^\-quiet ", " \-\^\-silent
-Quiet; suppress normal output. The scanning will stop
-on the first match.
-Also see the
-.B \-s
-or
-.B \-\^\-no-messages
-option below.
-.TP
-.BR \-r ", " \-\^\-recursive
-Read all files under each directory, recursively;
-this is equivalent to the
-.B "\-d recurse"
-option.
-.TP
-.BR \-s ", " \-\^\-no-messages
-Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files.
-Portability note: unlike \s-1GNU\s0
-.BR grep ,
-traditional
-.B grep
-did not conform to \s-1POSIX.2\s0, because traditional
-.B grep
-lacked a
-.B \-q
-option and its
-.B \-s
-option behaved like \s-1GNU\s0
-.BR grep 's
-.B \-q
-option.
-Shell scripts intended to be portable to traditional
-.B grep
-should avoid both
-.B \-q
-and
-.B \-s
-and should redirect output to /dev/null instead.
-.TP
-.BR \-U ", " \-\^\-binary
-Treat the file(s) as binary. By default, under MS-DOS and MS-Windows,
-.BR grep
-guesses the file type by looking at the contents of the first 32KB
-read from the file. If
-.BR grep
-decides the file is a text file, it strips the CR characters from the
-original file contents (to make regular expressions with
-.B ^
-and
-.B $
-work correctly). Specifying
-.B \-U
-overrules this guesswork, causing all files to be read and passed to the
-matching mechanism verbatim; if the file is a text file with CR/LF
-pairs at the end of each line, this will cause some regular
-expressions to fail.
-This option has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and
-MS-Windows.
-.TP
-.BR \-u ", " \-\^\-unix-byte-offsets
-Report Unix-style byte offsets. This switch causes
-.B grep
-to report byte offsets as if the file were Unix-style text file, i.e. with
-CR characters stripped off. This will produce results identical to running
-.B grep
-on a Unix machine. This option has no effect unless
-.B \-b
-option is also used;
-it has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
-.TP
-.BR \-V ", " \-\^\-version
-Print the version number of
-.B grep
-to standard error. This version number should
-be included in all bug reports (see below).
-.TP
-.BR \-v ", " \-\^\-invert-match
-Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines.
-.TP
-.BR \-w ", " \-\^\-word-regexp
-Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words.
-The test is that the matching substring must either be at the
-beginning of the line, or preceded by a non-word constituent
-character. Similarly, it must be either at the end of the line
-or followed by a non-word constituent character. Word-constituent
-characters are letters, digits, and the underscore.
-.TP
-.BR \-x ", " \-\^\-line-regexp
-Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line.
-.TP
-.B \-y
-Obsolete synonym for
-.BR \-i .
-.TP
-.BR \-Z ", " \-\^\-null
-Output a zero byte (the \s-1ASCII\s0
-.B NUL
-character) instead of the character that normally follows a file name.
-For example,
-.B "grep \-lZ"
-outputs a zero byte after each file name instead of the usual newline.
-This option makes the output unambiguous, even in the presence of file
-names containing unusual characters like newlines. This option can be
-used with commands like
-.BR "find \-print0" ,
-.BR "perl \-0" ,
-.BR "sort \-z" ,
-and
-.B "xargs \-0"
-to process arbitrary file names,
-even those that contain newline characters.
-.SH "REGULAR EXPRESSIONS"
-.PP
-A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of strings.
-Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic
-expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.
-.PP
-.B Grep
-understands two different versions of regular expression syntax:
-\*(lqbasic\*(rq and \*(lqextended.\*(rq In
-.RB "\s-1GNU\s0\ " grep ,
-there is no difference in available functionality using either syntax.
-In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful.
-The following description applies to extended regular expressions;
-differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards.
-.PP
-The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match
-a single character. Most characters, including all letters and digits,
-are regular expressions that match themselves. Any metacharacter with
-special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash.
-.PP
-A list of characters enclosed by
-.B [
-and
-.B ]
-matches any single
-character in that list; if the first character of the list
-is the caret
-.B ^
-then it matches any character
-.I not
-in the list.
-For example, the regular expression
-.B [0123456789]
-matches any single digit. A range of characters
-may be specified by giving the first and last characters, separated
-by a hyphen.
-Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined.
-Their names are self explanatory, and they are
-.BR [:alnum:] ,
-.BR [:alpha:] ,
-.BR [:cntrl:] ,
-.BR [:digit:] ,
-.BR [:graph:] ,
-.BR [:lower:] ,
-.BR [:print:] ,
-.BR [:punct:] ,
-.BR [:space:] ,
-.BR [:upper:] ,
-and
-.BR [:xdigit:].
-For example,
-.B [[:alnum:]]
-means
-.BR [0-9A-Za-z] ,
-except the latter form depends upon the \s-1POSIX\s0 locale and the
-\s-1ASCII\s0 character encoding, whereas the former is independent
-of locale and character set.
-(Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic
-names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting
-the bracket list.) Most metacharacters lose their special meaning
-inside lists. To include a literal
-.B ]
-place it first in the list. Similarly, to include a literal
-.B ^
-place it anywhere but first. Finally, to include a literal
-.B \-
-place it last.
-.PP
-The period
-.B .
-matches any single character.
-The symbol
-.B \ew
-is a synonym for
-.B [[:alnum:]]
-and
-.B \eW
-is a synonym for
-.BR [^[:alnum]] .
-.PP
-The caret
-.B ^
-and the dollar sign
-.B $
-are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the
-beginning and end of a line.
-The symbols
-.B \e<
-and
-.B \e>
-respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a word.
-The symbol
-.B \eb
-matches the empty string at the edge of a word,
-and
-.B \eB
-matches the empty string provided it's
-.I not
-at the edge of a word.
-.PP
-A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition operators:
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B ?
-The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.
-.TP
-.B *
-The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
-.TP
-.B +
-The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
-.TP
-.BI { n }
-The preceding item is matched exactly
-.I n
-times.
-.TP
-.BI { n ,}
-The preceding item is matched
-.I n
-or more times.
-.TP
-.BI { n , m }
-The preceding item is matched at least
-.I n
-times, but not more than
-.I m
-times.
-.PD
-.PP
-Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting
-regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating
-two substrings that respectively match the concatenated
-subexpressions.
-.PP
-Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator
-.BR | ;
-the resulting regular expression matches any string matching
-either subexpression.
-.PP
-Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn
-takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be
-enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules.
-.PP
-The backreference
-.BI \e n\c
-\&, where
-.I n
-is a single digit, matches the substring
-previously matched by the
-.IR n th
-parenthesized subexpression of the regular expression.
-.PP
-In basic regular expressions the metacharacters
-.BR ? ,
-.BR + ,
-.BR { ,
-.BR | ,
-.BR ( ,
-and
-.BR )
-lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed
-versions
-.BR \e? ,
-.BR \e+ ,
-.BR \e{ ,
-.BR \e| ,
-.BR \e( ,
-and
-.BR \e) .
-.PP
-Traditional
-.B egrep
-did not support the
-.B {
-metacharacter, and some
-.B egrep
-implementations support
-.B \e{
-instead, so portable scripts should avoid
-.B {
-in
-.B egrep
-patterns and should use
-.B [{]
-to match a literal
-.BR { .
-.PP
-\s-1GNU\s0
-.B egrep
-attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that
-.B {
-is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval
-specification. For example, the shell command
-.B "egrep '{1'"
-searches for the two-character string
-.B {1
-instead of reporting a syntax error in the regular expression.
-\s-1POSIX.2\s0 allows this behavior as an extension, but portable scripts
-should avoid it.
-.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
-.TP
-.B GREP_OPTIONS
-This variable specifies default options to be placed in front of any
-explicit options. For example, if
-.B GREP_OPTIONS
-is
-.BR "'\-\^\-binary-files=without-match \-\^\-directories=skip'" ,
-.B grep
-behaves as if the two options
-.B \-\^\-binary-files=without-match
-and
-.B \-\^\-directories=skip
-had been specified before any explicit options.
-Option specifications are separated by whitespace.
-A backslash escapes the next character,
-so it can be used to specify an option containing whitespace or a backslash.
-.TP
-\fBLC_ALL\fP, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fP, \fBLANG\fP
-These variables specify the
-.B LC_MESSAGES
-locale, which determines the language that
-.B grep
-uses for messages.
-The locale is determined by the first of these variables that is set.
-American English is used if none of these environment variables are set,
-or if the message catalog is not installed, or if
-.B grep
-was not compiled with national language support (\s-1NLS\s0).
-.TP
-\fBLC_ALL\fP, \fBLC_CTYPE\fP, \fBLANG\fP
-These variables specify the
-.B LC_CTYPE
-locale, which determines the type of characters, e.g., which
-characters are whitespace.
-The locale is determined by the first of these variables that is set.
-The \s-1POSIX\s0 locale is used if none of these environment variables
-are set, or if the locale catalog is not installed, or if
-.B grep
-was not compiled with national language support (\s-1NLS\s0).
-.TP
-.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
-If set,
-.B grep
-behaves as \s-1POSIX.2\s0 requires; otherwise,
-.B grep
-behaves more like other \s-1GNU\s0 programs.
-\s-1POSIX.2\s0 requires that options that follow file names must be
-treated as file names; by default, such options are permuted to the
-front of the operand list and are treated as options.
-Also, \s-1POSIX.2\s0 requires that unrecognized options be diagnosed as
-\*(lqillegal\*(rq, but since they are not really against the law the default
-is to diagnose them as \*(lqinvalid\*(rq.
-.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
-also disables \fB_\fP\fIN\fP\fB_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_\fP,
-described below.
-.TP
-\fB_\fP\fIN\fP\fB_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_\fP
-(Here
-.I N
-is
-.BR grep 's
-numeric process ID.) If the
-.IR i th
-character of this environment variable's value is
-.BR 1 ,
-do not consider the
-.IR i th
-operand of
-.B grep
-to be an option, even if it appears to be one.
-A shell can put this variable in the environment for each command it runs,
-specifying which operands are the results of file name wildcard
-expansion and therefore should not be treated as options.
-This behavior is available only with the \s-1GNU\s0 C library, and only
-when
-.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
-is not set.
-.SH DIAGNOSTICS
-.PP
-Normally, exit status is 0 if matches were found,
-and 1 if no matches were found. (The
-.B \-v
-option inverts the sense of the exit status.)
-Exit status is 2 if there were syntax errors
-in the pattern, inaccessible input files, or
-other system errors.
-.SH BUGS
-.PP
-Email bug reports to
-.BR bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org .
-Be sure to include the word \*(lqgrep\*(rq somewhere in the
-\*(lqSubject:\*(rq field.
-.PP
-Large repetition counts in the
-.BI { m , n }
-construct may cause grep to use lots of memory.
-In addition,
-certain other obscure regular expressions require exponential time
-and space, and may cause
-.B grep
-to run out of memory.
-.PP
-Backreferences are very slow, and may require exponential time.
-.\" Work around problems with some troff -man implementations.
-.br